When it comes to consider women in the labor force , the outcome is clear. There is a widespread dispersion between countries with high and those with low women ´s labor participation force. It is high in the lowest and highest income countries alike , and it is low in those countries in the middle income levels. The reasons to explain this situation goes as far as cultural factors, educational levels, wage discrimination and lack of a proper legal status to protect women on the job,specially when they have families to care which led them to informal labor market,and weak labor conditions.-
The labor force participation rate, is the proportion of the population age 15+ who is economically active The trend ,since 1980 ,has been an increase in the women´s labor force participation rate ,although at a different pace , getting in the range of 50-60% in countries like USA, Germany Canada ,UK. and Spain. Latin America and the Caribean is also in the range of 50%.-
From the economic stand point, most women need relative higher wage rate to get into the labor force than men,because her marginal disutility of working ( to delay maternity for instance), is higher such that they need a better and higher compensation, but at the same time, their time span expectation of staying within the labor force, is shorter than men, which imply a downward pressure on their wage level over time which measn that their net wage trend leave them earning less than mens .It follows that for many women part time jobs , adaptable schedules or net working , fit quite well with their preferences, Of course the real issue should deal with their abilities and skills for jobs performance, but the empirical evidence do not seems to take these variables aside from the ones mentioned above.The case of Denmark is an example where women earn less because of having children no matter their age (Ortiz-Ospina & Tzvetkova, Working Women Key facts and trends in femmale labor force participation ,2017).-
Beyond the causes , determinants and explanations, the change in female labor force participation have quite important side effect:
a.-It foster the development of the services sector.-
b.-It facilitates new alternatives for net working
c.-It support adaptable labor schedules, which improve flexibility conditions on the labor force
d.-In some specific sectors ( driving heavy machinery equipment in mining activities ) are more productive than men,measured by the period of time keeping the working operation of the equippoment, which is longer than the case of men.-
e.- In other areas women have better comunication skills specially suitable in the for movil phone calls areas to promote commercial packs .-
f.- Women CEO, make a difference when it comes to use intuiton, emotional connection(closeness) to drive a team toward its goals
Thus, there are a lot of reasons to expect more women into the labor force in the years to come.More so, when some emprirical evidence (World Bank, 2018). indicates that there are productivity gains associated to women on the economic activities.
Public programs designed to support women on maternity age, and firms policies to protect women on the job , are more than compensated by the gains in value added and productivity for the economy as a whole.-
